{"id":21070,"date":"2021-11-30T11:15:07","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T10:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.microtronics.com\/?p=21070"},"modified":"2024-08-19T13:06:25","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T11:06:25","slug":"4g-is-not-always-4g","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/en\/blog-en\/4g-is-not-always-4g\/","title":{"rendered":"4G is not always 4G"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4g-was-ist-das\">4G \u2013 what\u2019s that?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4G is the colloquial name for the <strong>fourth generation<\/strong> <strong>mobile radio standard<\/strong>. These standards began with the first generation. This analogue-based technology, known to some as the B or C network, is no longer in use today. Since then, the mobile radio standard has continued to develop. Currently, generations two to five are in use, with the fifth generation still under construction \u2013 but more on that later.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-1024x341.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-1024x341.png 1024w, https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-1536x512.png 1536w, https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-2048x683.png 2048w, https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/2G-bis-5G-1-600x200.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Development from 2G to 5G<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lte-m\">4G, NB-IoT, LTE, NB1 \u2013 We shed ligth on the confusion of abbreviations<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the introduction of <strong>Release 8 of the 3GPP<\/strong> (3rd Generation Partnership Project), the standardisation body for mobile radio standards, LTE(Long Term Evolution) came into being in<strong>2008<\/strong>. As described in the release, LTE belongs to the fourth generation of mobile communications. The launch was also seen as<strong>the birth of 4G<\/strong>. Today, the two terms LTE and 4G are often used <strong>synonymously<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you look at the development of mobile radio standards over the years, you can see that data rates have steadily increased. This trend is due to the strong<strong>spread<\/strong> of the <strong>mobile internet<\/strong>(mobile broadband). For a long time, the driving forces were the <strong>increasing data rates<\/strong> and <strong>subscriber numbers<\/strong>. Along with this, the end devices became more and more expensive and energy-hungry, which, however, was practically not noticeable for the end users due to the constant improvement of the battery technology.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, the <strong>remote transmission of measured values<\/strong> places different demands on mobile radio. <strong>High reliability<\/strong>,<strong>low<\/strong><strong>energy requirements<\/strong>, <strong>cost-effective hardware<\/strong>, <strong>worldwide applicability<\/strong> and<strong>low latency<\/strong> in some cases are the parameters that define the cornerstones for machine-to-machine and Internet of Things communication. Release 13 in 2015 provided 3GPP&#8217;s response to these requirements. In addition, the release also coined the names as they are still used today &#8211; <strong>NB-IoT<\/strong>,<strong>M1<\/strong>and <strong>NB1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within 4G, <strong>two mobile technologies<\/strong> exist. The difference to classic LTE (mobile broadband) is that these two technologies have been trimmed for IoT applications. Synonyms exist for both technologies:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>NB-IoT \/ NB1<\/strong> (in Release 14 NB2 followed as an extension for NB1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M1 \/ LTE-M1 \/ eMTC<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-es-war-ein-langer-weg\">It was a long way\u2026<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prior to Release 13, the term <strong>LTE-CAT1<\/strong> has become increasingly prominent in the IoT sector. LTE-CAT1 is something completely different from LTE-M1. In fact, LTE-CAT1 is the LTE <strong>at its birth<\/strong> \u2013 i.e. in <strong>2008<\/strong>. However, it was not used as the first 4G technology at that time because it had a significantly lower data rate (10Mbit downlink) than the established and widespread 3G technologies (&gt;&gt;50Mbit DL). <strong>LTE end devices<\/strong> such as smartphones, which have appeared on the market in large quantities since then, are mostly <strong>CAT3<\/strong> or better (&gt; 100Mbit DL).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The time before Release 13 was extremely gloomy for IoT users \u2013 comparable to an IoT mobile radio middle age. There was a <strong>veritable chaos<\/strong> of terms for years. Many ideas were voiced, which disappeared again a short time later. What remained were many different terms, which only made the chaos worse.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, 2G was the most widely used technology for IoT at that time. 3G was already many times more expensive and the widely used <strong>4G (CAT3+)<\/strong> was <strong>not affordable<\/strong>. . In addition, some countries \u2013 first and foremost Switzerland \u2013 announced the <strong>end of 2G<\/strong>. This created the compulsion to use 3G\/4G in addition to 2G or at least to find a migration path. Companies with the target market \u201cDACH region\u201d were automatically <strong>forced to act<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This development helped <strong>LTE CAT1 solutions<\/strong> to gain more attention. . The available CAT1 modems were many times<strong>cheaper<\/strong> than CAT3+ modems and, with the technological advantages of LTE over UMTS, were considered <strong>future-proof<\/strong>. Only with Release 13 did a ray of hope emerge for IoT providers. Nevertheless, the available modems that supported NB-IoT or LTE-M1 were still far from <strong>fault-free<\/strong> at that time. Only now \u2013 at the <strong>end of 2021<\/strong> \u2013 can we talk about having survived the worst and being able to implement such solutions with fewer frictional losses.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-it-s-a-match-die-passende-konnektivitat-fur-meine-applikation\">It\u00b4s a match \u2013 the right connectivity for my application<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have already clarified what is hidden behind the many abbreviations and which terms can be used synonymously. The next step provides information on which <strong>connectivity<\/strong> is used when.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>NB-IoT<\/em><\/strong> is designed for extremely small amounts of data and should be used message-based. An IoT application that used to be solved by sending SMS messages is now implemented with the help of NB1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>LTE-M1<\/strong><\/em> is a further development of 2G \u2013 the modern answer to 2G-EDGE, so to speak. It is therefore well suited for all IoT solutions that require a TCP\/IP connection, but not high data rates. However, despite the TCP\/IP capability of LTE-M1, it would not please the end user on the smartphone, as the data rates of LTE-M1 are still like in the year 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>LTE-CAT1<\/strong><\/em> is suitable for solutions that require a slightly higher data rate, such as the transmission of individual images or a recordset (set of audio recordings).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>3G technologies<\/em><\/strong> have been used in the meantime, but have lost their importance in the IoT world. Current trends point in the direction of LTE-M1\/LTE-CAT1 or NB-IoT. The current trends point in the direction of LTE-M1\/LTE-CAT1 or NB-IoT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-warum-zwei-antennen-nicht-immer-besser-sind-als-eine\">Why two antennas are not always better than one<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some cases, two antennas are needed for 4G transmission. In order to clarify when and why this is the case, we need to go a little further. With 3G\/UMTS, the term <strong>\u201cRX diversity\u201d<\/strong> was first coined. This means that an <strong>\u201cRX-only\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 i.e. an <strong>additional receiving antenna<\/strong> \u2013 is attached to the terminal in addition to the main antenna. The antennas should be in different polarisation planes. This <strong>improves<\/strong> the<strong>signal quality<\/strong> at the moving terminal \u2013&gt; &gt;two antennas receive more than one!<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the course of LTE, the idea was further developed. The result was <strong>\u201cMIMO\u201d<\/strong> (Multiple Input \u2013 Multiple Output), which was implemented in CAT3 as a <strong>2\u00d72 configuration<\/strong>. This means that in LTE-CAT3 by definition two antennas, which are both transmitting and receiving antennas, are integrated both in the terminal and in the base station. For CAT3+ approval, this requirement is assumed. In LTE-CAT1, in contrast, there is still no MIMO and therefore no need for a second antenna. What does exist, however, is the RX diversity already mentioned.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/DSCF1878-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"4G - Person with myDatalogEASY IoT\" class=\"wp-image-40638\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>myDatalogEASY IoT 2G\/4G<\/strong>, for example, has an LTE-CAT1 modem with 2G fallback, i.e. a main antenna and a diversity receiving antenna. With the diversity antenna, the signal quality can also be improved in LTE-CAT1, even if it is not actually necessary there, since the range of 4G is higher than the range of 3G anyway.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the <a href=\"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/en\/produkt\/mydatalogeasy-iot-2g-m1-nb1-world\/\"><strong>myDatalogEASY IOT 2G\/M1\/NB1 World<\/strong><\/a>, I only need one antenna in comparison. This is the case because there is no RX diversity in LTE-M1 and NB-IoT in the 3GPP specifications. For this reason, corresponding modems have only one antenna connection instead of two. Adding the RX diversity externally would be possible, but would not make sense. The range of LTE-M1 and NB-IoT devices is higher anyway due to the higher link budget. The additional costs that would be incurred for the second antenna are therefore not justifiable.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-zusammengefasst-so-viele-antennen-benotige-ich\"><em>In summary &#8211; that&#8217;s how many antennas I need:<\/em><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The requirement is often specified by the <strong>manufacturer<\/strong>. Nevertheless, the following can be summarised:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>2G:<\/em><\/strong> one antenna<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>3G with RX-diversity:<\/em><\/strong> two antennas mandatory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>4G LTE-CAT1: <\/em><\/strong>second antenna optional<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>4G LTE-CAT3+:<\/em><\/strong> two (or more) antennas mandatory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>4G LTE-M1:<\/em><\/strong> one antenna<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>4G NB-IoT: <\/em><\/strong>one antenna<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-der-hype-um-5g-gerechtfertigt-oder-nicht\">The hype around 5G \u2013 justified or not?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As already mentioned, 4G can finally be used without any problems. To dream of 5G now is therefore a bit far-fetched. With <strong>New-Radio (NR)<\/strong>, 5G does receive significant improvements to the RAN \u2013 especially in the segment of real-time capability (uRLLC), which is currently not possible in 4G \u2013 but the network must also be converted to NR for this. Due to the high penetration of <strong>LTE base stations<\/strong>, however, this conversion will probably take time. There is a possibility that 4G and 5G will be <strong>used together<\/strong> in the future. One speaks of an infrastructure of <strong>4G and 5G base stations<\/strong> coexisting together in a 5G core network. From the current perspective, <a href=\"https:\/\/microtronics.com\/en\/blog\/5g-what-is-it-all-about-status-quo\/\">5G<\/a> is therefore more in competition with WiFi, in the area of eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) in the so-called \u201ccampus networks\u201d. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fazit\"><em>Conclusion:<\/em><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4G<\/strong> already provides a solution for most <strong>current IoT solutions<\/strong>. Those who need a solution now are well advised to use 4G. But those who have enough time, money and patience at their disposal are also welcome to try their hand at 5G.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The term 4G is well known. You often read and hear it in connection with mobile radio and transmission technology. But what exactly is meant by the term? What is the difference to other terms such as LTE or NB-IoT and why do people still talk about 4G when there is actually already 5G?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":21089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[764,768],"tags":[849,845,848,877,878,847,846,844,879],"class_list":["post-21070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-technology","tag-3g-en","tag-4g-en","tag-5g-en","tag-communication-en","tag-data-transmission","tag-lte-en","tag-mobile-radio","tag-nb-iot-en-2","tag-network"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.3 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4G is not always 4G - Microtronics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Was hat es mit Abk\u00fcrzungen wie LTE oder NB-IoT auf sich? 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